之前已經有跟大家分享過同學們常常在寫作時常犯的一些錯誤,今天擴大整個常見的錯誤範圍並分享給大家~

 

1.結構不平行 例:I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books. 當使用連詞將一系列的單詞聯接起來的時候,應當使用詞性相同或同一類型的短語。

2.不知所云 例:Many companies began using computers mouth.

3.段落過長,不分段,主語與動詞一致問題 She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time. 主語和動詞在數方面不一致。

4.句子彆扭 We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed. 措辭過長或不清。換言之,句子顯得滑稽可笑。

5.不要使用縮寫 在正式的寫作中不要使用縮寫形式(can"tdon"tit"swe"llthey"ve等等) ,而應當使用單詞的完整形式 (cannotdo notit iswe willthey have等等)。

6.關聯詞語重複 Since I want to go to a good schooltherefore I am trying to raise my test scores. 不能在該句的主要主語和主要動詞前使用連詞。

7.句子不完整 Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example my friend in high school. 句子沒有主要主語或主要動詞,因為其實它應是一個從句。這是一個非常常見的錯誤,修改的方法是將兩個句子連接起來。

8.不要使用get  When I got home I got tired so I got a book and got into bed. Get太不正式,意思也過於含糊,不適合用在正式的場合。應將get改為一個更加具體的單詞,如become receive, find achieve等等。

9.書寫難以辨認,資訊不正確 I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there. 傳的資訊不正確,或者讓人聽起來覺得可能不正確(如果確實是正確的,應當解釋為什麼這樣,因為讀者不認為是正確的)。上述例句中,all的意思是百分之百;我們不能絕對地說每一件新東西都是從美國誕生的。為保險起見,應當使用manymost.非英語單詞Computers are very helpful and advantageable. 儘管看起來象個單詞,其實不是,至少不是個英文單詞。使用這個單詞的另一種形式。

10.介詞多餘 I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class my classmate never mentioned about her husband. 在表示這種意思時此單詞不能與介詞連用。這種情況常見於downtownhometherehere等詞。這些詞語在英語中是副詞而非名詞,因而不能在它們前面添加介詞。

11.跑題或不相關 There are many reasons to buy a car preferably a nice car. 這個意思與文章的主題無關。

12.陳詞濫調 It is okay for children to fail sometimes. 所表達的意思很普通 大多數人都已經知道到了,因而就沒有必要再說出來。

13.標點問題 I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet. 這是一個非常普遍的問題!許多學生在句子中使用了太多的句號,尤其是當他們用手寫的時候。

14.重複冗餘 Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints. 一種意思的表述不止一次,或者某個詞語不必要。

15.單數/複數 Many year ago dinosaur roamed the Earths. 單詞需要從單數變為複數,或者由複數變成單數。 單數可數名詞 單數可數名詞不能單獨使用,應該將其變為複數形式或者加上限定詞(a, the my his her Gary"s no any 1 3 50 most,等等)。

16.拼寫錯誤,主語、動詞或賓語有問題 I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday. 句子的基本結構有問題,缺少主語、動詞或賓語,或者這些成分重複。

17.語氣與文章不符 I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris London Tokyo and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out. 語氣與文章其他部分不相符,可能是過於正式或者太不正式。

18.代詞指代不明 If people do not speak the same language it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there. 代詞所指代的指示詞(介詞所代替的名詞)不清楚。

19.過於籠統 We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表達的意思過於籠統,不能提供多少資訊。

20.動詞時態錯誤 Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food. 動詞時態不正確 檢查一下是應該用現在時、過去時、將來時還是完成時等等。

21.選詞不恰當 I was late getting home because I lost my way. 在這種情況下不應該使用該詞 可選擇更好的詞語或者所使用的詞語與文章的總體語氣不符。

22.單詞形式不當 I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth. 所使用的單詞的形式不正確 檢查一下應該使用該詞的名詞、形容詞或副詞形式的哪一種。

23.用詞錯誤 Even I don‘t speak Spanish I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation. 用詞錯誤或在此種情況下該詞不是最佳用詞。

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託福寫作中文章的結構是非常重要的,因為在考官看一個人的作文的時候,他第一點就會提取考生的作文結構。要是結構是不清晰,作文會毫不猶豫的定格在3分,因為在給分標準裡面這個有明確的規定;而如果你的結構清晰,那麼他會認為你的這篇文章至少是4分的文章,然後再看你的文筆,看是否打到了5分的標準。考官對於一篇作文的評判時間簡直太少了,環球託福認為,我們得儘快讓他們知道我們要表達的東西,所以作文的結構是非常重要的。
 
託福寫作結構之五段式結構
主體3段,開頭1段,結尾1
 
託福寫作結構之四段式結構:
主體2段,開頭1段,結尾1
主體框架(此部分推薦聽一下4-5的這個講解)
 
託福寫作四段模式的支援面的理由兩點充分論述
如:
人們為什麼上大學?
1. 為將來的職業做準備
2. 學習知識
 
A------支持面的理由兩點充分論述+支持面的另一個理由簡略論述
B------支持面的優點兩點充分論述+反對面的缺點一到兩點簡略論述
 
四段式A  (第一段必須表明觀點)(題目涉及到了2個專案)
支持面優點兩點充分論述+反面的優點一到兩點簡略論述。
例如:
住大城市還是小城鎮?
      1.寫明觀點:住大城市
      2.大城市好處一
      3.大城市好處二
      4.轉說小城鎮的好處一和好處二
      5.雖然小鎮。。。。。。,但是大城市。。。。。。,所以選大城市。
 
四段式B (題目只涉及到一個專案)
支持面的優點兩點充分論述+支援面的缺點一到兩點簡單論述
 例如:
建工廠還是不建工廠?
      1.建工廠
      2.建工廠的好處一和好處二
      3.建工廠的壞處一和壞處二
      4.雖然。。。。。。但是。。。。。。,所以。。。。。
再如:住校內還住校外
      1.住校內
      2.住校內的好處一和好處二
      3.住校外的好處一和好處二
      4.雖然校外好處。。。。。但是住校內好處。。。。。。。,所以選擇住校內。
 
環球託福老師說這個模式,很多的作文都是實用的。把問題的正反兩面都說了出來,內容多,而且證明思考是縝密的。
 
上面推薦的AB型模式是有區別的,不知道你注意到了沒有。
簡單的說就是就是A型提出兩種問題-----甲和乙,在認為甲好的情況下還要顧及到乙的好。而B型是只提出一個問題----甲,而是從甲的正反兩個方面來論述。
 
以上即是本次環球託福推薦的託福寫作結構四段式介紹,之前已經說過,託福寫作匯中,清晰的文章結構對於考官的打分非常重要。大家一定要在這個部分用力。總之,多多操練上文中環球託福推薦的託福寫作四段式結構。最後,環球託福祝大家考試順利!

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13. 我沒有男朋友。

I have no boyfriend。

I don’t have a boyfriend。

 

14. 他的身體很健康。

His body is healthy。

He is in good health. You can also say: He's healthy。

 

15. 價錢很昂貴/便宜。

The price is too expensive/cheap。

The price is too high/ rather low。

 

16. 我們下了車。

We got off the car。

We got out of the car。

 

17. 車速快了。

The speed of the car is fast。

The car is speeding. Or “The car is going too fast。”

 

18. 這個春節你回家嗎?

Will you be going back home for the Spring Festival?

是的,我回去。 Of course! (這一句是錯的)

當然。 Sure. / Certainly。 (這種說法是正確的)

以英語為母語的人使用of course的頻率要比台灣的學生低得多,只有在回答一些眾所周知的問題時才說of course。因為of course後面隱含的一句話是“當然我知道啦!難道我是一個傻瓜嗎?”因此,of course帶有挑釁的意味。在交談時,用sure或certainly效果會好得多。同時,of course not也具挑釁的意味。正常情況下語氣溫和的說法是certainly not。

 

19. 我覺得右手很疼。

I feel very painful in my right hand。

My right hand is very painful. Or “My right hand hurts(aches)。”

 

20. 他看到她很驚訝。

He looked at her and felt surprised。

He looked at her in surprise。

 

21. 我讀過你的小說但是沒料到你這麼年輕。

I have read your novels but I didn't think you could be so young。

After having read your novel, I expected that you would be older。

 

22. 她臉紅了,讓我看穿了她的心思。

Her red face made me see through her mind。

Correct: Her red face told me what she was thinking。

 

23. 別理她。

Don't pay attention to her。

Leave her alone。

 

24. 我在大學裡學到了許多知識。

I get a lot of knowledge in the university。

I learned a lot in university。

 

25. 黃山正在讀書。

Samuel is reading a book。

Samuel is reading。

 

26. 她由嫉妒轉向失望。

She was so jealous that she became desperate。

Jealousy drove her to despair。

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托福口說常見錯誤句型:在台灣考生的托福口說考試中,“台式英語”可謂防不勝防。甚至很多我們已經用熟了的口語句型,居然是錯誤的,不能不說,這種失分是非常可惜的。希望大家千萬警惕,不要再犯類似的錯誤。

1. 我非常喜歡。

I very like it

I like it very much。

這個錯誤基本上是每個人都會出錯的,原因非常簡單,就是因為在使用中文思維,然後翻譯成簡單的英語表達,這是非常危險的一個習慣。

 

2. 這個價格對我挺合適的。

The price is very suitable for me。

The price is right。

suitable(合適的、相配的)最常見的用法是以否定的形式出現在告示或通知上,如:下列節目兒童不宜。 The following programme is not suitable for children。在這組句子中用後面的說法會更合適。

 

3. 你是做什麼工作的呢?

What’s your job?

What’s your occupation?

what's your job?這種說法難道也有毛病嗎?是的。因為如果您的談話對像剛剛失業,如此直接的問法會讓對方有失面子,所以您要問:目前您是在上班嗎?Are you working at the moment?接下來您才問:目前您在哪兒工作呢?Where are you working these days?或者您從事哪個行業呢?What line of work are you in? 最地道的是說Occupation. 順帶說一下,回答這類問題時不妨說得具體一點,不要只是說經理或者秘書

 

4. 用英語怎麼說?

How to say?

How do you say this in English?

Note:How to say是在台灣最為氾濫成災的台式英語之一,這決不是地道的英語說法。同樣的句子有:請問這個詞如何拼寫?How do you spell that please?請問這個單詞怎麼讀?How do you pronounce this word?

 

5. 明天我有事情要做。

I have something to do tomorrow?

Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow。

用I have something to do來表示您很忙,這也完全是台式的說法。因為每時每刻我們都有事情要做,躺在那裡睡大覺也是事情。所以您可以說我很忙,脫不開身:I'm tied up。還有其他的說法:I'm I can't make it at that time. I'd love to, but I can't, I have to stay at home。

 

6. 我沒有英文名。

I haven’t English name。

I don’t have an English name。

許多人講英語犯這樣的錯誤,從語法角度來分析,可能是語法功底欠缺,因為have在這裡是實義動詞,而並不是在現在完成時裡面那個沒有意義的助動詞。所以,這句話由肯定句變成否定句要加助動詞。

明白道理是一回事,習慣是另一回事,請您再說幾話:我沒有錢;I don't have any money。我沒有兄弟姐妹;I don't have any brothers or sisters。我沒有車。 I don’t have a car。

 

7. 我想我不行。

I think I can’t。

I don’t think I can。

這一組然是個習慣問題,在語法上稱為否定前置,這就是漢語裡面說“我想我不會”的時候,英語裡面總是說“我不認為我會”。以??會習慣英語的說法的,

 

8. 我的舞也跳得不好。

I don’t dance well too。

I am not a very good dancer either。

當我們說不擅長做什麼事情的時候,英語裡面通常用not good at something,英語的思維甚至直接踴躍到:我不是一個好的舞者。

 

9. 現在幾點鐘了?

What time is it now?

What time is it, please?

What time is it now這是一個直接從漢語翻譯過的句子,講英語的時候沒有必要說now,因為您不可能問what time was it ye​​sterday, 或者what time is it tommorow?所以符合英語習慣的說法是:請問現在幾點了?還有一種說法是:How are we doing for time?這句話在有時間限制的時候特別合適。

 

10. 我的英語很糟糕。

My English is poor。

I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving。

有人開玩笑說,全台灣人最擅長的一句英文是:My English is poor。實話說,我從來沒有遇到一個美國人對我說:My Chinese is poor. 無論他們的漢語是好是壞,他們會說: I am still having a few problem, but I getting better

當您告訴外國人,您的英語很poor,so what(那又怎麼樣呢),是要讓別人當場施捨給我們一些英語呢,還是說我的英語不好,咱們不談了吧。

另外一個更大的弊端是,一邊不停的學英語,一邊不停地說自己的英語很poor,這正像有個人一邊給車胎充氣,又一邊在車胎上紮孔放氣。

 

11. 你願意參加我們的晚會嗎?

Would you like to join our party on Friday?

Would you like to come to our party on Friday night?

join往往是指參加俱樂部或者協會,如:join a health club; join the Communist Party。事實上,常常與party搭配的動詞的come 或者go。如go a wild party,或者come to a Christmas Party。

 

12. 我沒有經驗。

I have no experience。

I don’t know much about that。

I have no experience這句話聽起來古里古怪,因為您只需要說:那方面我懂得不多,或者這方面我不在行,就行了。 I am not really an expert in this area。

 

未完待續>>>

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托福寫作中有一些會“遺傳”的錯誤,考生們只顧著怎樣用經典的句子加分,卻忽略了打好基礎,萬丈高樓平地起的道理。在用句措辭不能保證完全正確的情況下,返璞歸真來的更實際,少一些浮誇華麗的辭藻,但也不至於在托福寫作中因詬病而被扣分,以下為大家列出托福寫作中需要提防的10個常見錯誤。

1、用詞不當

學生們寫的作文里或多或少都會有一些用詞不當的問題,但是要注意的是一些最最基本的錯誤是不能犯的。

In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand US dollars as a prize.

problems應改為questions

 

2、拼寫錯誤

這裡的拼寫錯誤不是指在考試時候的誤打,而是本身對詞彙拼寫記憶的錯誤。

In conclusion, issue of whether parents are the best teachers is a complex one, requiring subjective judgement, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers.

judgement應改為judgment

 

3、亂用大詞

First of all, children can earn money from their jobs, although there isn't too much, but they will keep their salary gingerliness.

這裡的gingerliness根本是不知所云。該句子還有以下問題:

1)該作文題目是講學生是否應該做兼職,因此children的出現就顯得很莫名其妙;

2)although和but是不能連用的;

3)指代不明,they不知道是指代前面的什麼;

 

4、表達中式

The second argument-it might have been noticed by others-is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to compare parents to teachers because parents are a kind of people, teachers are a kind of vocation.

該句的表達過於中式化。

 

5、表意重複

They shocked their friends, devastated their families, crushed their best friends.

前面已經提到了朋友,後面又提到朋友。

The show is so compelling but attractive.

compelling和attractive是同義詞,所以這裡這麼寫就讓人不明白。

 

6、固定用法錯誤

To some extends, I agree with the author's general assertion that if parents also have a comprehensive sense of professional knowledge.

To some extends應改為To some extent

 

7、例證誇張

For example, when a doctor faces a patient who has got cancer, the doctor cannot tell the truth, for the truth may cause the patient's immediate death.

雖然善意的謊言是必要的,但是其功效顯然沒有這麼大。

 

8、成分多餘

According to a comprehensive investigation which is carried out by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences shows that there is an increase in the number of university students who are taking part-time jobs.

該句中的shows that是多餘的成分。

 

9、詞性混亂

However, the questions such as "Have you ever regretted marrying your husband" may be very privacy and embarrassingly.

句子中的privacy和embarrassingly應該改成private和embarrassing

 

10、時態錯誤

托福大作文一般使用現在時態,​​除了拿過去事件作為例子用過去時態。

Some people claimed that news media has enormous influence and is a detrimental creation.

claimed應該改為claim

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連貫性”是新托福口語評分標準中的一個非常重要的因素,它指的是托福口語答案中信息點之間的銜接是否自然流暢。以下歸納整理的資料可以幫助考生增強口語回答連貫性的六條指導原則。

1. 運用總分總的結構

Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:

Introductory statement

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Concluding statement

An example of this pattern is shown below:

Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.

1. way of obtaining specimens

2. spares can be released into the wild

3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators

The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.

 

2. 運用連接詞

Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:

In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.

These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:

In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.

 

3. 解釋或定義陌生概念

In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:

My hobby is telemark skiing.

If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:

That means skiing using telemark skis.

Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:

1.State the word or phrase to be defined.

2.Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.

3.Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.

Read this example of an effective definition:

Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at

the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.

 

4.正確使用平行結構

Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:

My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivati​​ng the students.

The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivati​​ng assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivati​​ng are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.

 

5.對關鍵詞進行替換或同義轉換

When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:

My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had all done the assignment.

This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:

My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.

The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.

 

6.時態、人稱和數量的統一

Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:

My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. ​​He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag .

The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.

The listener could follow this speaker's ideas better if the speaker were consistent. Look at the way this example can be improved:

One day my teacher put us into five different groups. He gave each group a bag and told us to take turns pulling out an object and telling the other members of the group a story involving that object.

 

以上就是增加口語連貫性的6個方法,口語的提高重在練習,要有一個英文環境對台灣考生來說並不簡單,那麼我們就自己製造環境,多聽英文歌,多看英文電影等等。

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托福閱讀除了詞彙量較大以外,句子結構複雜也是托福閱讀的障礙之一。面對難句,必須迅速把握其主乾和重點,因為考試時涉及答案的主要是句子的主乾和重點,對於句子簡化題(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握難句的主乾和重點,首先要弄清它們的類型。簡而言之,托福中的難句主要包括下列類型:

1.定語(包含後置定語與定語從句)

2.同位語

3.並列結構

4.that引導的各種從句

5.插入結構

6.獨立主格

7.倒裝句

8.強調句

9.虛擬語氣

對於不同類型的難句,把握主幹的方法也不一樣。以倒裝句為例,主要有下列情況:

1.方位副詞放在句首

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。

2.介系詞放在句首

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。

3. 形容詞放在句首

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。

4.過去分詞放在句首

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。

5.現在分詞放在句首

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。

 

句子倒裝的目的主要有兩個:

一是被提前的部分被強調,如上述的第四句:Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,其中的accustomed按照正常語序應該放在are之後:Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以將accustomed提前,是為了強調它

二是為了句子的平衡,否則將導致頭重腳輕的效果,如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句為例,按照​​正常語序應該是:Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是這種句子結構比較糟糕,因為主語及其修飾語過長(從句首直到cetaceans),而謂語部分were missing until recently較短,容易造成頭重腳輕的效果。第五句將missing提前,避免了這一現象。

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1. Practice(練習)

發音有問題是難免的,因此很多人會害怕說錯而不開口。沒關係,多練習就好了,不要害羞。本來,鬱悶應該是一個過程,應該是你前進過程中一個必須經歷的過程。但是很多情況下,由於你不動手去解決,因此,他就變成了一個結果。

托福口語,跟口才是有相同性的。您想要一個好的口才,那麼就要通過不斷的練習來實現。但是,人一旦過了15歲,就特別害怕失敗。人一旦過了25歲,就大多不接受新知識。這都是阻礙你提升自己口語的攔路虎。渴望去丟臉!只有今天多丟臉,才有出分後的那張笑臉。

 

2. Slow down(慢下來)

很多初學者總是希望走一步到位的路線,但是實際上,什麼都是有一個循序漸進的過程。就像很多人在練繞口令的時候,也是從慢速逐漸加速的,而不是一次馬上就能有很快速度的,因此,剛剛開始的時候,控制自己的語速,盡量說的標準一些!

 

3. Listen to yourself(聽自己)

如果你不能聽出你自己的發音問題,就很難去改正它。其實現在很多口語材料都配備了相應的音頻,你應該把自己的聲音錄下來,然後跟相應的聲音進行比較,只有這樣一點一滴的去校對,錄音,修改,再錄音,這樣一個過程走過幾遍,你才會發現自己的聲音才會接近真正地道英語者的發音。

 

4. Copy the experts(模仿專家)

英語為母語的人士是最好的老師。所以,注意聽英語廣播或英語電影、電視節目,聽他們的發音,還要注意看他們的口形。不要看字幕,模仿你聽到的聲音,即使你不確定他們在說什麼。

 

5. Find a partner(找夥伴)

從別人那裡得到反饋是很重要的。有一個partner的話,你就會發現,哪怕你今天不想學,那麼你的partner也會督促你,因為,你如果今天放棄了,那麼對方也就失去了鍛煉自己口語的機會。而且,當你有一個夥伴的時候,你的伙伴會非常迅速的發現你自己的問題,同時也就能及時糾正!

 

6. Be poetic(充滿詩意)

大聲地念詩、演講,專注在字的重音和音調。因為,詩歌通常都是琅琅上口,有節奏感的,多多練習有助於提高英語水平。發音準了,語調對了,語感慢慢出來了,這對記憶單詞和托福口語練習都有好處。

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第一種因果關係

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果關係除了傳統意義上的顯性因果表達詞外,隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。

隱性因果:

A 導致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs.

在這段話中,有lead to, 表示了導致的意思,即結果; 而so that 更進一步表示了後面的結果,所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關係的邏輯。

B 由…而來(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.”

在這段話中,根據result from可以推斷出有因果關係,那如果是解釋句子題時,選項中有因果關係就可以優先考慮。

C 反映,體現(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…中華考試網

D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依賴於: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 條件關係:when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.

G 分詞短語,不定式做狀語:

Failing in the final exam, she cried.

 

第二種對比轉折關係

A 對比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解釋句子題,插入句子題中,一旦出現對比關係,學生在掌握的基礎上就能非常快速的判定句間和句內的關係。 While, whereas 前後連接的是平行結構,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關係。

B 轉折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

 

第三種比較關係

A 同級比較: as…as

B 比較級:more…than, -er than, less…than

C 變化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差異:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高級

1)本身有最高級含義:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比較深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比較=最高級

No one is more outstanding than him.

從這句​​話中可以看出,否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關係。

 

第四種否定關係

A 顯性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither

B 隱形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

C 否定前綴:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前綴是詞彙題中經常出的一個考點,把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞,依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。

D 雙重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

雙重否定是英文中經常運用的表達方式,由於在平時中文對話中用的很少,​​隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

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曾有一位學生,其獨立寫作開頭和結尾讓我覺得回到了歷史,不僅能看出是生搬硬套,而且比較彆扭。

一問,果然兩段分別改自莎士比亞《暴風雨》選段及英譯荷馬史詩。其實,該生的語言天賦和功底都很好,但在追求高分的過程中走入了誤區。一個是語言風格上的混合錯誤:正式語言與非正式語言反差過大,現代英語中摻雜古英語或舊式英語;另一個是詞語搭配錯誤。這亦是學生普遍的問題所在。

我們一定要注意到,寫作是應用寫作(practical writing),非創造性寫作(creative writing),即考察學生的語言表述能力,而不是文學創作能力。無論是綜合寫作還是獨立寫作,考生追求的基本目標是把想說的意思用書面英語表達清楚,讓閱卷人讀懂和明白。從語言角度來說,有兩大標準,即準確性和多樣化。能夠達到詞詞準確,又使用到不同的詞句來表達相同、相似的意思,從語言角度來說已經符合托福[微博]寫作考試的高分要求。

先來說說準確性。譬如這樣一個句子:My writing ability increased by reading many books. 拆開來看,每個英文單詞對應的中文意思是對的。但存在一個問題,ability和increase是不搭配的。任何一個單詞,都不能單純地說用得好不好。語言是講究搭配的,簡單常見的詞只要搭配合適,放置合適的語境,依然可以鍛造完美的句子。這個道理和穿衣混搭是一樣的。穿著漂亮不在於單品是如何大牌如何昂貴,而在於款式質地的和諧,以及最後的上身效果。

在這個句子中,increase表示增加的意思,主要表示數量的增加。儘管有時也能表示程度的增進,但這里和ability的搭配是不正確的。一般我們說develop one"s ability,也可以說improve one"s ability. 因此,這句話得修改成My writing ability developed by reading many books. 當然還可以修改得更地道一些。後半句想表達“閱讀”,學生一般的習慣是把“讀”和“書”全部翻譯出來。注意,寫作是表達,不是翻譯。這麼寫固然是對的,還不夠理想。我們進一步把句子修改成My writing ability developed by reading much. 從表達效果來講,已經“達”了,考生想表述的意思和閱卷人讀到的意思完全吻合。當然句子可以再繼續修改得更加豪華,本文暫不贅述。

那麼,詞語的搭配如何檢驗呢?在各種班型的培訓課程中,老師固然會提到一些典型搭配。但更為重要的是考生自己掌握檢驗的方法。我個人比較推薦Oxford Learner"s English Collocation Dictionary(《牛津學生英語搭配詞典》),其中的語料來源和實用性都比較好。

關於多樣化,舉個最普遍的例子:“more and more”這個短語幾乎是每個中國學生都使用過的短語。我看到過太多學生的獨立寫作文章,三四百字的短文裡出現了四五次。有學生在開頭段便使用了三次。學生重複使用該短語是可以理解的,一個是熟悉,再來字數似乎上去了。其實,稍加思考便知道,如此做法反而在文章開頭便向閱卷人暴露了弱處。因此這種不顧語言質量的“湊字數”方法是不可取的。

如何解決語言單一的問題?平日積累是必不可少的。而積累的最好方法就是閱讀和仿寫。閱讀的材料有幾大注意點:

一、選擇現代英語,簡而言之,選擇至少五十年以內的材料。讀莎翁很好,但忌諱盲目模仿

二、題材上盡量選擇essay(散文、評論性文章、短文尤佳)。不少學生喜歡看Twilight之類的的幻想小說,這對培養閱讀興趣和語感很好,但對托福寫作的幫助不直接。

Twilight之類屬於創造性寫作,即文學寫作,其語境和托福寫作考試需要的議論文有很大差別,即便學到很炫的詞句,但恐無用武之地。最後,別忘了一件事情:仿寫。只看不寫,永遠不能將輸入語言化成輸出語言。盡量仿寫整句,保持原句結構,替換內容。作文——尤其獨立作文——應該是個人化的。因此,從一開始就在語言上打造屬於自己的烙印才是上策,並且對將來的留學生活都將帶來長遠的益處。

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